It appears that you cannot pass these on the command line.
Traefik configuration is divided to static and dynamic see Configuration Overview
What you pass on the command line is static configuration. Allowed options are documented here. However TLS options are dynamic configuration, not static. It's documented here.
To quote:
Restriction
In the above example, we've used the file provider to handle these definitions. It is the only available method to configure the certificates (as well as the options and the stores).
So it appears, that you are going to have to use the File Provider to pass this configuration.