Sounds like issues with the acme storage.
Are you certain the acme storage path matches your mount? I've mismatched this before and have the store disappear with the container.
I personally find bind mounts a source of problems for r/w and use a volume mount for these.
Using: --certificatesresolvers.myresolver.acme.storage=/acme/acme.json
And in the compose:
volumes:
- "/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock"
- "./dynamic.yaml:/config/dynamic.yaml"
- "traefik-acme:/acme"
...
volumes:
traefik-acme:
The documentation says the file permissions have to be 600 which may be something to check.
Check your logs at startup and use --loglevel=DEBUG if nothing is showing up. Do your testing with the acme staging servers until it works.